Wood House 76

Another sign that the Big Apple’s big spike is specious

Published 1 September 2024. Revised and republished on 17 January 2025.¹ (Original here.)

There is yet another data oddity related to the New York City spring 2020 death spike: a disproportionate number of deaths that list COVID-19 as the only cause of death.

Understanding the aberration, which I’ll show further into this article, requires a bit of background knowledge.

COVID-19 as the Sole Cause of Death

Contrary to popular belief, deaths that list COVID-19 as cause of death and nothing else are not “the only true COVID deaths.” They are deaths involving incomplete death certificates.

Robert Anderson, chief of mortality statistics at NCHS, provided a good explanation of this in a 12 March 2021 interview.² (Set aside the problems with test-based COVID-19 death coding, irrespective of symptoms, and the lack of evidence for a novel SARS-CoV-2–caused disease; focus instead on what Anderson is saying about death-certificate completion.). Emphasis mine.

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HOST: For the death certificate, NCHS issued a guidance report – a guidance document – for certifiers on how to include COVID-19 on the death certificate. That came out about a year ago. Can you talk about that a little bit?

ROBERT ANDERSON: Sure. At the beginning of the pandemic, we realized that we had an opportunity to reach out to physicians to help them understand how to complete the death certificate – in general, not just with regard to COVID-19. And so we created this document that was specific to COVID-19 that showed them how to fill out the death certificate properly in general, and then once they determined that COVID-19 was either the cause of death or a contributing factor, how to report it on the death certificate. This guidance just sort of builds on guidance that we issued several years earlier – I think the last time we issued guidance, general guidance, was in 2003. This guidance is essentially the same – it’s just specific to COVID-19. This builds on the guidance that we issued before.

HOST: Turning to another topic here: comorbidities, other conditions contributing or involved with COVID-19 deaths. There was some confusion about the note on Table 3 on the website on COVID-19 deaths by contributing condition. The note says “For 6% of these deaths COVID-19 was the only cause mentioned on the death certificate.” And this has led to some wild and inaccurate speculation that the other 94% of the deaths may have been really some other cause of death and not COVID-19.  Could you talk about that a little bit?

ROBERT ANDERSON:  Yeah sure.  I can provide a little bit of background here.  The cause of death section on the death certificate is designed in a specific way and it’s designed to elicit a sequence of events leading to death.  And then also to gather any significant conditions that contributed to death.  So you have Part One about “cause of death” section which asks the certifier to provide the causal sequence.  And so you would start on the top line and you would put the immediate cause of death.  

To use a COVID-19 example, you might have “respiratory distress syndrome” which is a common complication of COVID-19.  And then you would work backwards from that immediate cause of death. And let’s suppose that respiratory distress was brought on by pneumonia, viral pneumonia, and so you would put on the second line “viral pneumonia.” And then on the third line – because we want to know what the cause of viral pneumonia was – if it was COVID-19, then you would write COVID-19 on the third line.  So you’d have respiratory distress due to viral pneumonia due to COVID-19.  That’s a logical causal sequence from the immediate cause working back to the underlying cause.  And then in Part Two, you could put any other conditions that might have contributed to death but weren’t part of that causal pathway in Part One.  

Now with a disease like COVID-19, it should be fairly unusual to see only COVID-19 reported –  I mean normally we should at least see the complications caused by the disease, such as pneumonia or respiratory distress.  In cases where only COVID-19 is reported, the certifier is indicating that COVID-19 was the cause of death, but really they left it – the cause of death statement – somewhat incomplete. They neglected to provide the entire causal pathway. 

Now with regard to the other 94% which mentioned other diseases or conditions, it’s important to understand that in the overwhelming majority of these cases the additional diseases or conditions are either complications of COVID-19 – they are in the causal pathway, like pneumonia or respiratory distress – or they’re reported in Part Two as contributing conditions.

So for about 92% of the deaths involving COVID-19 that mention other conditions –91 or 92% – the certifiers indicated that COVID-19 is the primary or underlying cause.  This is not a situation where the certifier is writing all of the diseases that the person had equally; they’re actually reporting it in this causal sequence.  And in the overwhelming majority of cases, COVID-19 has been indicated as the cause of the death. It’s the cause that started that causal pathway, that causal sequence leading to death.

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Before focusing on the implications of what Anderson said, it’s important to realize that deaths in the U.S. are registered first at the county level and then transmitted to the state. Many states record deaths electronically and do not automatically generate or provide PDFs or paper copies of death certificates. There 57 health jurisdictions total.³ Those entities do not submit actual death certificates to the NVSS, NCHS, CDC, or any other federal agency; they submit death certificate data.

The federal government generally assumes that electronic death registration systems (EDRS) are less prone to error, completion problems, and delays. However, it can be argued that while some types of errors may be reduced, the natureof accuracy issues may simply change. No recording system or data warehouse is perfect, and EDRS (arguably) could make certain kinds of data manipulation easier.⁴

According to the CDC/NCHS publication Understanding Death Data Quality: Cause of Death from Death Certificates an estimated 20–30% of U.S. death certificates have completeness issues (e.g., missing information, incorrect completion of the causal pathway, or misidentified place of death). This doesn’t necessarily or always create inaccurate death certificates but it can affect the quality of information, which can then distort interpretation. When data are automated, aggregated, used for surveillance purposes such inaccuracies can “pile up” and drive conclusions and policies based on flawed records.

The guidance Robert Anderson refers to in the interview regarding COVID-19 coding on death records includes examples of death certificates completed according to standards.⁵ He’s essentially saying that death certificates for which COVID-19 is the only cause listed were not filled out correctly. The records are missing information about the link(s) between COVID-19, i.e., conditions it triggered or were that exacerbated by it and led to death. Based on Anderson’s description and the guidance documents themselves, the idea that death records listing only COVID-19 represent “the only COVID deaths” is false, at least in the U.S.

COVID-Only Deaths in the U.S. and New York City: March – May 2020

How many “COVID only” death records are there for the U.S. in spring 2020? How many and what proportion are from New York City, and what do those figures tell us (if anything) about the authenticity of New York death spike?

Using a method confirmed by CDC staff, I queried the federal mortality database for such deaths in the U.S. and NYC, from March 1 (the day the first New York City case was announced) through May 31, 2020. 

There were 103,797 deaths in the U.S. which list COVID-19 (U07.1) as underlying cause. Most list a “multiple” cause, – i.e., they are “complete” with respect to a documented causal pathway – while 7% incorrectly listed or entered only COVID-19. A lower rate is desirable; however, some level of error is understandable when a new cause of death/death code is announced out of the blue and doesn’t seem particularly unique from other respiratory illnesses or disease.

New York City’s ratios for the same timeframe are higher: Almost 11% of deaths with COVID as underlying cause list COVID as the only cause. Most of the COVID-only deaths (81%; n=1,715) occurred in hospitals, where one would expect coding procedures to be followed more closely than for deaths occurring at personal homes or nursing homes. Roughly a third are under age 65 (n=558/2,104).

The proportion of all COVID-related deaths that occurred in New York City in spring of 2020 relative to the U.S. is very high. Less than 3% of the population lives in one of the five boroughs, yet it’s where 19% of the country’s deaths with COVID listed as underlying cause occurred.

The ratio is higher for COVID-only deaths. Nearly 30% of such deaths in the first three months of the national emergency were in New York City — and more than a third in March and April.

Outside of New York state, the counties that comprise the greatest portion of “wave 1” COVID-only deaths in the U.S. are in Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Virginia, and Illinois. None comes close to New York as a percentage of the U.S. total and NYC is 76% of the NY state total.

For comparison, I requested COVID-only death data from the city’s bureau of vital statistics. The numbers for March – May 2020 are comparable to those in the federal database. Seventy percent of the year’s COVID-only deaths occurred in April, the same month most deaths listing COVID as the only cause occurred.

Expected or Unexpected?

Is the disproportionate number of NYC COVID-only deaths for spring 2020 in the U.S. total expected or unexpected?

On the “expected” side, it could be argued that COVID-19 (whatever it is) was operationalized and “reacted to” in New York City more vigorously than virtually anyplace else in America, which created stress and pressures inside hospitals that affected doctors’ abilities to follow new guidelines. The public hospitals auspiciously announced a full transition to the EPIC record-keeping system around the time CARES Act was passed.⁶ An executive order issued 23 March 2020 seems to relieve medical personnel of “requirements to maintain medical records that accurately reflect the evaluation and treatment of patients, or requirements to assign diagnostic codes or to create or maintain other records for billing purpose.”⁷ 

On the “unexpected” side, because reasons like record-keeping & coding problems serve the government’s “New York got hit harder and was overwhelmed” narrative very well, such explanations should be regarded with suspicion. Federal coding guidance issued at the time was in place and fairly clear.⁸ It’s not easy to give NYC a pass when other cities didn’t seem to have the same kind of difficulty to the same extent.

For example, Cook County, Illinois (Chicago) reported the second-highest overall COVID death total in any single county in the U.S. for March-May 2020.⁹ Yet Cook reported 119 COVID-only deaths for those months out of 3,688 deaths that listed COVID as underlying cause (3%).¹⁰ Applying the 3% rate means New York City should have seen fewer than 600 COVID-only deaths, instead of more than 2,100. Had that been the case, the U.S. rate for COVID-only deaths in the spring would be closer to 5% instead of 7%.

It’s worth noting that the Cook County medical examiner’s work is automatically subject to public scrutiny. We can see every death the ME processed during the emergency timeframe, including those in a COVID deaths archive activated in March 2020.

By contrast, the NYC Medical Examiner’s determinations are hidden, can’t be obtained by any citizen via freedom of information request, and the agency hasn’t been compelled to explain much of anything, including a data-processing event involving 11,000 deaths¹¹ or a drop in autopsies conducted on deaths at home.¹² Such a lack of transparency appears intentional and makes it hard to see ultra-disaster-prepared New York City as an innocent bystander of a coronavirus attack that sent death-recording protocols to the bottom of the East River.

From the 2020 Vital Statistics report

The city’s 2020 Vital Statistics report includes a special section on COVID-19 mortality with an explanation for differences in COVID death numbers previously used by the city health department and those in the final report. Page 66 says:

With the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the NYC Health Department implemented several measures to ensure complete ascertainment of COVID-19 deaths, as adequate nosology guidance did not exist, doctors did not necessarily know how to complete the cause of death section on the death certificate, and testing for the disease was extremely limited. To ensure the best possible ascertainment, the team worked very closely with the NYC DOHMH ICS/Surveillance Epidemiology team to monitor cases, including matching lab records of COVID-19 tests with the death registry. This allowed real-time reporting of COVID-19 deaths in a time when total deaths were increasing rapidly.

Guidance did exist and testing was not limited in the truest sense, especially in hospitals, where patients were being tested and re-tested.¹³  What is meant by a team “matching lab records of COVID-19 tests with the death registry” is unclear. “Real-time death reporting” regardless of cause is near-impossible. The whole paragraph is an apologetic or defense for changes to COVID death numbers.¹⁴

Although the report doesn’t mention deaths that list COVID-19 as the only cause, claims that doctors didn’t know what they were doing because they weren’t given proper directions is probably what officials would say if pressed about the COVID-only death entries.

“COVID Only” – Not the Only New York Anomaly

If New York’s outsize proportion of COVID-only deaths were the only “anomaly” involved in its mass-casualty event, it could be chalked up to things like abrupt changes to hospital environments and record-keeping procedures, psychological warfare against healthcare workers, and/or confusing directives from administrators. But it’s one of many signals that something strange and thus far undisclosed occurred in a period that saw ~27,000 “extra” deaths. 

While continuing to find curious patterns and discrepancies in the New York City death spike has put us past the point of being shocked by new findings, it doesn’t mean the high ratio of COVID-only deaths should be recused from interrogation. 

Among the questions any thinking person should ask are

• Who were the people whose deaths list only COVID? For those that died in hospitals, how did they get to the hospital, when were they admitted, and for what were they admitted?
• Did some hospitals/hospital systems have more COVID-only death records than others? 
• Were the COVID-only deaths more likely or less likely to receive FEMA COVID-19 Funeral Assistance? Were they more likely or less likely to be buried on Hart Island?
• What percentage of COVID-only deaths are linked to a positive test for SARS-CoV-2?9
• Did cities/area in other countries that saw unusually-high death spikes – e.g., Lombardy, London, Madrid – also report a lot of COVID-only deaths, or is NYC again global outlier (like it appears to be with younger deaths)?

New York played a starring role in launching and substantiating a pandemic declaration and National Emergency decree. The fact that no one has been held accountable for or given sensical, data-aligned explanations for what happened there is deeply concerning. Whatever the factors that influenced the city’s COVID-only death toll, the public deserves an inquiry and full review of death records and patient charts.

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1. Most revisions in this republished version involve moving “updates” to the article from appended material to the main text. ↩︎
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021, March 12). “Death certificate data & COVID-19: Interview with Robert Anderson, part one.” CDC National Center for Health Statistics Press Room (Statcast podcast transcript). https://web.archive.org/web/20210320054146/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/podcasts/2021/20210312/20210312.htm  | Credit to @PalerRder1980 for making me aware of this transcript. ↩︎
3. 50 states, five U.S. territories, Washington, D.C., and New York City. ↩︎
4. For further discussion and sources, see “The CDC Does Not Maintain Complete Death Certificate Collections” (Hockett, 2024) ↩︎
5. Some of the documents, examples, and training modules Mr. Anderson mentions can be found at Reporting and Coding Deaths Due to COVID-19. Several models for death certificate completion can also be accessed directly here. ↩︎
6. NYC Health + Hospitals. (March 26, 2020). “NYC Health + Hospitals completes transition to electronic medical records system.” Press release. https://www.nychealthandhospitals.org/pressrelease/nyc-health-hospitals-completes-transition-to-electronic-medical-records-system/ ↩︎
7. Official PDF — Executive Order No. 202.10 (continuing temporary suspension/modification of laws relating to the disaster emergency):
   https://www.governor.ny.gov/sites/governor.ny.gov/files/atoms/files/EO_202.10.pdf ↩︎
8. The National Vital Statistics System alert regarding the new code was issued on 24 March 2020, after the American Hospital Association (AHA) sent a request to Secretary of State Azar to immediately implement unique ICD codes for COVID-19 disease, exposure to COVID-19 and screening for the virus. See 31 Jan 2020 and 18 March 2020 entries in this timeline for additional info on the WHO creating the ICD code and the decisions to activate it sooner than originally planned. ↩︎
9. Chicago is America’s third most-populous city and is demographically-comparable to New York. The difference in magnitude between New York’s and Chicago’s daily all-cause death curves in spring 2020 is considerable. Alongside Bergamo (another event that – like New York – appears to involve democide and data manipulation), the trio paint a portrait of absurd (if implicit) assertions that are impossible to explain as the work of a spreading coronavirus. ↩︎
10. CDC WONDER ↩︎
11. Hockett, J. (2023, November 15). “Why did the New York City medical examiner process 11,000 deaths in three days?” Wood House 76. https://web.archive.org/web/20240521014828/https:/www.woodhouse76.com/p/why-did-the-new-york-city-medical ↩︎
12. Hockett, J. (2024, May 6). “Disturbing federal data on autopsies conducted during the spring 2020 New York City mass casualty event.” Wood House 76. https://web.archive.org/web/20241015100307/https:/www.woodhouse76.com/p/disturbing-federal-data-on-autopsies ↩︎
13. e.g., S. B. Reichberg et al., “Rapid emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in the greater New York metropolitan area: Geolocation, demographics, positivity rates, and hospitalization for 46 793 persons tested by Northwell Health.” Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 71, no. 12, pp. 3204–3213, 2020, doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa922.
    https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/71/12/3204/5868956 ↩︎
14. As of 17 January 2026, I’ve been unable to get the city health department to show exactly what it did with COVID deaths initially marked “probable” COVID deaths. (See “New York City department of health denies my request for records that show what it did with “probable” COVID deaths in 2020″) ↩︎

“COVID-Only” Deaths: U.S., New York City, UK, and Beyond 

Eleven Sets of Serious Problems with the New York City Mass Casualty Event of Spring 2020 (revised and formalized version of September 2024 paper)